Recent studies
Multidecadal forcing of European windstorm losses
Climate models indicate anthropogenic aerosols forced 45% increases in European storminess relative to preindustrial times. Further analysis suggests current lower levels of both anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols signify lower European wind losses in the near future.
The Mediterranean Sea is warming 3x faster than the global average, mainly due to greenhouse gases, and reduced aerosols too. Past research connects the warming to upward trends in damaging hail. We find hail damage rising by a best estimate of around 2% per year.
A long record of European windstorm losses
ERA5 near-surface winds were calibrated to remove a trending bias, then converted to form a record of windstorm losses from 1950 onward. It suggests interannual climate indices such as the NAO are poor proxies for multidecadal variations in loss in recent times.